China Suppliers List

石家庄市石兴氨基酸有限公司

Main Products: acesulfame, Aspartame, Creatine Monohydrate,
Introduct: Shijiazhuang Shixing Amino Acid Co., Ltd., formerly established in 1980, specializes in the production of amino acids and sweeteners. We are a professional manufacturer of food-grade glycine, as well as a supplier of alanine, methionine, threonine, lysine hydrochloride, tryptophan, phenylalanine, proline, serine, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, cystine, arginine, arginine hydrochloride, cysteine hydrochloride, tyrosine, leucine, valine, isoleucine, histidine, histidine hydrochloride, and taurine. Our production strictly adheres to GMP standards, utilizing internationally advanced equipment and processes to ensure stable and high-quality products, with over 85% of our products exported to Europe and America. We warmly welcome customers and friends from all walks of life.,

上海石头化工有限公司

Main Products: Lufenuron, Triflumuron, Teflubenzuron,
Introduct: Shanghai Stone Chemical Co., Ltd. Minhang Branch (affiliated with Shanghai Stone Chemical Co., Ltd.) is a renowned chemical enterprise integrating scientific research, production, and commerce, operating under a modern corporate system. The company currently employs over 400 staff, including more than 50 research personnel. It boasts a first-class quality monitoring system and a production and operation area of 10 hectares. The company owns a pesticide manufacturer—Jiangxi Hengsheng Chemical Manufacturing Co., Ltd. All of this supports the company in becoming a high-quality, expert-driven, dedicated, and efficient organizational team. Since its establishment in 2003, the company has consistently adhered to the philosophy of developing unique, specialized, and innovative high-tech products. It focuses on reverse integration of traditional industries and related markets, striving to build a high-tech aircraft carrier for pesticide production. The company is committed to industrializing its products and developing industries into sectors, vigorously promoting the sustainable development of the environment and economy. It has become China's leading production base for a series of benzoylurea insecticides such as lufenuron, flufenoxuron, flubenzimine, novaluron, triflumuron, and diflubenzuron. The company has also established solid alliance partnerships with the world's top distributors. As a result, it has joined the ranks of global excellent suppliers and is being integrated into the global supply systems of multinational corporations. Stone refined into gem. We will rise to surpass, with ambitious aspirations to explore international markets, repaying global users with affordable prices and high-quality products.,

廊坊市兴亚达化工有限公司

Main Products: Methanesulfonic acid, Methyl disulfide,
Introduct: Langfang Xingyada Chemical Co., Ltd.'s production plant—Inner Mongolia Yabulai Xingya Chemical Co., Ltd.—is located in the Alxa League of Inner Mongolia, at the magical convergence of the Badain Jaran Desert and the Tengger Desert. Our company was jointly established by enterprises from inland China and western China, featuring mature production processes, strong technical capabilities, advanced testing equipment, and strict quality management. The western partner possesses an annual production capacity of 40,000 tons of sodium sulfide, the primary raw material for dimethyl disulfide, providing substantial raw material security for dimethyl disulfide production. Additionally, the by-product sodium sulfate from dimethyl disulfide production can be recycled by the partner for sodium sulfide production. This complementary collaboration creates a favorable development environment for the enterprise and significantly enhances its competitive advantage. The company currently has fixed assets worth 50 million yuan, over 110 sets of production equipment—including 12 sets of analytical instruments—advanced analysis equipment, and comprehensive testing methods. It covers an area of 150,000 square meters and employs 102 staff, 56 of whom hold intermediate or senior professional titles, reflecting the company's strong technical expertise. The organizational structure includes four workshops: dimethyl ester workshop, dimethyl disulfide workshop, power workshop, and auxiliary workshop, as well as departments such as Finance, Production Technology, New Product Development, General Office, and Central Analysis Laboratory. The enterprise maintains a rigorous organizational framework and strict management measures, all of which effectively ensure product quality and provide a solid foundation for rapid development and new product innovation. The company's main product is dimethyl disulfide, with an annual production capacity of 12,000 tons, including 3,000 tons of environmentally friendly dimethyl disulfide. Other products include methyl sulfonyl chloride, methanesulfonic acid, sulfonated cobalt phthalocyanine, and related series. Adhering to a quality-oriented business philosophy, the company consistently maintains strict quality control, enabling its dimethyl disulfide products to be used in production by large petrochemical companies domestically and internationally. The product is also exported to the United States, South Korea, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and other countries and regions. The company will continue to uphold the principles of quality first and integrity above all, striving to improve service levels and wholeheartedly providing优质 services to customers. We warmly welcome friends and partners to visit our company for guidance and to promote mutual development.,

福建释德新材料科技有限公司

Main Products: Glycinamide hydrochloride, 4-Fluorothiophenol, Aminoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal,
Introduct: The predecessor of Fujian Shide New Material Technology Co., Ltd. was Xiamen Shide New Material Technology Co., Ltd., established in 2014. To expand the company's operational scale, Fujian Shide New Material Technology Co., Ltd. was established in Jiangle County in 2023, with its main business focusing on the research and development, production, and sales of pharmaceutical intermediates. The R&D center is located at Sanming University, undertaking process development, small-scale, and pilot-scale production of pharmaceutical intermediates. The production base is situated in the Jiangle Provincial Chemical Industrial Park, responsible for large-scale production of pharmaceutical intermediates. After several years of effort, the company has achieved full industrial chain coverage from small-scale and pilot-scale to large-scale production, enabling the rapid transformation of new technologies into productive forces. With the company's development, it has also emphasized the construction of intellectual property and quality management systems. In April 2020, it obtained a trademark registration certificate issued by the National Intellectual Property Administration. In April 2022, it was recognized as a 3A-level exemplary unit for integrity in business operations. In August 2022, it passed the ISO9001:2015 international quality management system certification and received the certificate. Adhering to the business philosophy of "technology-driven, customer-centric, and quality as life," and upholding the commercial principle of "honesty, trustworthiness, and win-win cooperation," the company has established good and harmonious cooperative relationships with numerous domestic pharmaceutical companies, research institutions, R&D firms, and trading companies. Fujian Shide is committed to providing high-quality products and professional services to its vast clientele and looks forward to collaborating, winning together, and sharing a brighter future with an increasing number of customers and supplier partners!,

上海活性炭厂有限公司

Main Products: Charcoal, coconut shell, Charcoal,
Introduct: Shanghai Activated Carbon Factory Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as SHHXTC) was established in the mid-1940s and is the first professional manufacturer in China to produce and sell various types of activated carbon. SHHXTC is headquartered in Shanghai and operates 12 activated carbon manufacturing bases along with multiple sales and service outlets across the country. For over half a century, SHHXTC has been committed to providing high-quality services and timely, reasonable solutions for applications such as air purification, water treatment, pharmaceutical and chemical refining, and decolorization in the food and beverage industry. Through years of accumulated experience in manufacturing, research, and development in the activated carbon field, SHHXTC has grown into the largest activated carbon manufacturing enterprise in China, capable of supplying over 30 types of activated carbon, backed by strong professional technical expertise and specialized testing methods for various activated carbon products. SHHXTC also wholeheartedly offers users a range of services, including activated carbon regeneration, activated carbon replacement, and related technology transfer. ,

上海汇龙化工厂(上海梅菱化工有限公司)

Main Products: 6-hydroxy-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid sodium salt, 5-hydroxynaphthalene-1-sulphonic acid, 1-Naphthol-3,6,8-trisulfonic acid,
Introduct: Shanghai Huilong Chemical Plant and Shanghai Meiling Chemical Co., Ltd. primarily produce naphthalene series dye and pigment intermediates, as well as nickel and cobalt inorganic compounds. The company possesses strong technical capabilities, advanced production processes, fully integrated equipment and facilities, and comprehensive testing methods. Its products are exported to more than ten countries and regions, including the United States, Europe, and Southeast Asia. Currently, exports account for 90% of the company's total output value, making it a growing export-oriented enterprise.,

上海慧川生物医药科技有限公司

Main Products: 1H-Pyrazole-4-boronic acid pinacol ester, 1-Boc-pyrazole-4-boronic acid pinacol ester, 1-Methylpyrazole-4-boronic acid pinacol ester,
Introduct: Shanghai Huichuan Biomedicine Technology Co., Ltd. is a high-tech company specializing in the research, development, production, and sales of high-value-added products in the pharmaceutical and chemical industry. The company is located in the Shanghai Pudong Chuansha International Precision Industry Park. The company primarily engages in the research and development of biomedical intermediates and chemicals in other emerging fields, catalog chemical development, custom synthesis, and contract manufacturing. Its scope covers active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), dyes, agrochemicals, and various fine chemical intermediates. The company boasts a highly qualified management team and R&D personnel, with key management members possessing extensive work experience in major overseas pharmaceutical companies and top chemical outsourcing service providers in China. Committed to providing domestic partners with opportunities to collaborate with internationally renowned enterprises, the company aims to serve as an integrated bridge for sales, procurement, and R&D, striving to make outstanding contributions to the pharmaceutical and chemical industry. Adhering to the corporate philosophy of people-oriented, honest and trustworthy, proactive and enterprising, and pursuing excellence, the company persistently meets challenges, overcomes difficulties, and strives for excellence, working hard to create a brighter and more brilliant future.,

上海华震科技有限公司

Main Products:
Introduct: Shanghai Huazhen Technology Co., Ltd. is a subsidiary of East China University of Science and Technology and a high-tech enterprise in Shanghai. The company has a comprehensive independent intellectual property innovation system and is one of the earliest domestic units engaged in the development, production of ion exchange and adsorption resins, and the development of biopharmaceutical separation processes. The company possesses a Bio-Separation Engineering Research Laboratory jointly established with the State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering at East China University of Science and Technology, boasting strong technical capabilities. The company's products include ion exchange resins, adsorption resins, chromatographic resins, wastewater treatment resins, metal recovery chelating resins, chromatographic separation equipment, and more; they are widely used in biochemical, pharmaceutical, food, light industry, metallurgy, and other fields. The products and technologies are entirely independently developed with proprietary intellectual property rights, and multiple core technologies have reached domestic excellence and international leading levels. The company has achieved numerous provincial and ministerial-level scientific research results in the production of biopharmaceutical media and the separation of biochemical substances. Shanghai Huazhen Technology Co., Ltd. always adheres to the business philosophy of "operating with sincerity and serving with trust," and upholds the quality policy of "innovation enhances quality, ensuring customer satisfaction." The company focuses on a balanced development path of technological innovation, high-quality technical services, and green, efficient production manufacturing. With strong technical capabilities, strict quality control, and extensive production process experience, the company continuously provides better products and superior technical services to domestic and international customers. ,

上海华谊集团华原化工有限公司

Main Products: Camphor, isobornyl acetate, Diterpenes,
Introduct: Shanghai Huayi Group Huayuan Chemical Co., Ltd. is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Shanghai Huayi (Group) Company, primarily engaged in the production, development, and trading of various chemicals. Huayuan Chemical Co., Ltd. includes a research institute (Fine Chemical Research Institute) and other subordinate units such as Shanghai Pengpu Chemical Plant, Shanghai Jinlu Chemical Co., Ltd., Shanghai Colloid Chemical Plant, Shanghai Xiangyang Chemical Plant, Shanghai Jinniu Chemical Co., Ltd., Shanghai Xinghuo Chemical Co., Ltd., Shanghai Celluloid Factory, Shanghai Xinguang Chemical Plant, and the Packaging Decoration Materials Branch of Shanghai Plastic Industry Co., Ltd. The company currently employs approximately 2,000 staff, including over 500 professional and technical personnel. The annual industrial output value reaches 700 million yuan, with sales revenue of 800 million yuan. In recent years, more than 30 products from the company have received national, ministerial, and Shanghai municipal awards for scientific and technological achievements, as well as the title of Excellent New Product, nearly a hundred times in total. The company's main products include inorganic, organic, chemical reagents, plastic resins, plastic products, and more, many of which are nationally pioneering. It boasts over ten well-known registered trademarks, such as "Flying Bell" brand ethephon, phosphorus trichloride, phosphoryl chloride, and other phosphorus-chlorine products; "Deer" brand synthetic camphor series; "Taopu" brand co-products of synthetic camphor; "Tamed Deer" brand synthetic camphor products; "Three Deer" brand celluloid nylon series and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC); "Shangjiao" brand molybdenum compounds and graphite product series; "Iron Anchor" brand adhesive series; "Golden Bull" brand antioxidants, dimethylacetamide, foaming agents, hydrazine hydrate; "Spring" brand and "Crystal" brand various sodium silicate series; "Sea Ball" brand silica gel series. The company is currently investing in the construction of a modern chemical production base in the Jinshan Second Industrial Zone, focusing on the centralized production of Shanghai Pengpu Chemical Plant's phosphorus-chlorine series, ethephon, phosphate ester series, etc.; Jinlu Company's synthetic camphor series; Jinniu Company's antioxidants; Xiangyang Company's dimethylacetamide series; Shanghai Celluloid Factory's sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), nylon resins, and other products. The implementation of this project will help expand development scale and promote technological transformation. After completion, the production capacity of the products will increase by 2-3 times compared to the current level, ranking among the top in the country. Our company warmly welcomes both new and existing customers from home and abroad to contact us for mutual cooperation, discussion, joint market development, and creating a bright future together!,

上海澎博钛白粉有限公司

Main Products: Metatitanic acid, Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate, Titanium(IV) oxide,
Introduct: Shanghai Pengbo Titanium Dioxide Co., Ltd. (formerly Shanghai Dongtai Chemical Plant), established in 1971, has a 40-year history of producing titanium dioxide. In June 2006, the company relocated from Songjiang District to Jinshan District and is now situated in the Second Industrial Zone of Jinshan District. The newly built factory covers an area of over 30,000 square meters, with a land area of 120 mu and a total investment of 200 million yuan. It is the only enterprise in Shanghai specialized in the production of titanium dioxide. The company is equipped with advanced facilities and a team of experienced technical professionals, producing 50,000 tons of various types of titanium dioxide annually. The products feature fine particles, high whiteness, excellent dispersibility, and strong covering power, making them widely applicable in coatings, plastics, papermaking, chemical fibers, cosmetics, food, electronics, glass, and other fields. They have received consistent praise from customers both domestically and internationally. Domestic Sales Department: Tel: 021-57266998 / 021-57260116 Fax: 021-57266998 Email: sales@pengbotio2.com Export Sales Department: Tel: 021-67266116 / 021-57266826-8011 Fax: 021-67266636 Email: export@pengbotio2.com Ferrous Sulfate Sales: Contact: Zhou Zhiyuan Tel: 13918718754 Email: admin@pengbotio2.com,

上海复和化学科技有限公司

Main Products: Dydrogesterone, Cinacalcet hydrochloride, Tetrazolast meglumine ,
Introduct: Our company is a high-tech development enterprise integrating science, industry, and trade. We currently employ 60 postdoctoral researchers, PhDs, and professors, including 10 international PhDs, over 600 graduate students, and more than 800 undergraduates. The company operates 20 laboratories and three pilot workshops. We have two branch factories in Heze, Shandong; one branch in Xinji, Hebei; a plant and traditional Chinese medicine extraction and separation branch in Bozhou, Anhui; and a microbiology and fungal chemistry branch in Guangxi. Our main laboratory is located in Jiading District, focusing on researching and developing cutting-edge international products, as well as undertaking chemical and chemical engineering project development.Our primary business involves the research, development, and technology transfer of fine chemical products, polymer chemical products, pharmaceutical intermediates, pesticide intermediates, organic electroluminescent materials, polymer materials, and biological and fungal materials. We have a highly qualified R&D team specializing in chiral compounds, steroid compounds, bromine compounds, chlorine compounds, iodine compounds, fluorine compounds, fungal compounds, biological compounds, and polymer organic synthesis.The company also undertakes technological upgrades for existing products, provides free training for technical personnel on operations and raw material formulation, offers complimentary equipment modification designs, and ensures normal equipment operation and product production. With strong technical capabilities, we are highly responsible to our clients, enabling them to master technical operations and raw material ratios proficiently. We provide on-site guidance for equipment modification, installation, and debugging, and have multiple equipment design engineers on staff.For new product technology transfers and development, we also offer free equipment process design and diagrams, operational training, and take responsibility for equipment operation and product production.We possess mature technologies in petrochemicals, coal chemical engineering, pharmaceutical intermediates, pesticide intermediates, fine chemical products, organic electroluminescent dyes, various coatings, additives, adhesives, paints, polymer products, biochemical engineering, fermentation, and fungal cultivation. All our product projects involve high and new technologies, representing world-leading chemical and chemical engineering projects.Additionally, our company accepts custom orders for pharmaceutical intermediates, pesticide intermediates, fine chemical intermediates, heterocyclic intermediates, various catalysts, organic electroluminescent dyes, and other products. We undertake custom development for challenging products from domestic and international clients and provide technology transfer. We invite international and domestic enterprise clients to contact us for cooperation!,

常州泽榆化工有限公司

Main Products: 2-Chloro-6-nitrobenzoic acid, 2-Amino-6-chlorobenzoic acid, 4-Chloro-2-nitrobenzoic acid,
Introduct: Changzhou Zeyu Chemical Co., Ltd. is located in the western suburbs of the beautiful Jiangnan city of Changzhou, bordered by the Grand Canal to the north and the shores of Taihu Lake to the south. Modern transportation facilities such as the Beijing-Shanghai Railway, Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway, Shanghai-Nanjing Expressway, Yangtze River Coastal Expressway, and Changzhou Airport are all within close proximity. The area is renowned for its stunning scenery, rich cultural heritage, and abundant historical sites, earning it the nickname "The Beautiful Jade of Jiangdong." The company primarily engages in the research, development, and production of pharmaceutical and pesticide intermediates. Its main products include 2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzoic acid, 4-Chloro-2-nitrobenzoic acid, Malonanilic acid, α,α-Diphenyl-4-pyridinemethanol, Flucarbazone-sodium, and Metamifop. The company boasts a team of experienced professionals in technology and management, along with advanced laboratory equipment and testing capabilities, enabling the development of new products tailored to customer needs. The company strictly controls quality, striving to provide customers with superior products and satisfactory services. Adhering to the principle of equality and mutual benefit, our company welcomes customers from all directions with the highest product quality, the most competitive prices, and comprehensive services, aiming to build friendships far and wide!,

张家港保税区德诺国际贸易有限公司

Main Products: o-dichlorobenzene, Tetrahydrofuran, Dichloromethane,
Introduct: Zhangjiagang Free Trade Zone Denuo International Trading Co., Ltd. is located in Zhangjiagang, a hygienic city by the Yangtze River, and is a trading company specializing in chemical raw materials. The company deals in chemical products such as chlorobenzene, ortho-dichlorobenzene, DMF, tetrahydrofuran, epichlorohydrin, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, cyclohexane, cyclohexanone, acetonitrile, and more. Adhering to the principle of customer first and quality first, the company provides excellent service and high-quality products to a wide range of customers. The company's products are widely used in various fields such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, coatings, thinners, and more, with broad applicability and strong specificity. The company sincerely looks forward to establishing trade cooperation with you, serving both old and new customers with gratitude, and joining hands with friends from all directions to build a beautiful world in the chemical industry.,

沈阳晟达化工有限公司

Main Products: Fluorescein, Fluorescein sodium, Methylthioninium Chloride,
Introduct: Shenyang Shengda Chemical Co., Ltd. is a chemical enterprise integrating development, research, and production, specializing in the manufacturing and sales of chemical reagents and fine chemical products. The company primarily produces various chemical pure, analytical pure, indicators, biological stains, dyes, fine chemical raw materials, inorganic salts, and other products. These are widely used in industries such as chemical analysis, pharmaceuticals, electronics, photosensitive materials, textile printing, and dyeing. Flagship products include: sodium diphenylamine sulfonate, phenol red sodium, thymolphthalein, o-cresolphthalein, o-phenanthroline, bromophenol blue, bromocresol green, bromocresol purple, bromothymol blue, methylthymol blue, calcein, Giemsa stain, Coomassie brilliant blue, phenol red, murexide, nickel reagent, litmus, fluorescein sodium, methylene blue, crystal violet, water-soluble eosin, alcohol-soluble eosin, methyl red, methyl orange, and more. The company has established its own production base in the surrounding areas of Shenyang. It has now formed a business model with the production base as the manufacturing center and Shenyang as the sales center, radiating nationwide. Adhering to the principle of seeking survival through quality and development through service, our company actively attracts talent, strengthens cooperation with research institutions and universities, manages according to modern enterprise system models, emphasizes technological investment, improves service concepts, expands business scope, and provides excellent service to customers. "Quality first, integrity as the foundation" is our operating principle. We are willing to make friends from all walks of life and provide you with enthusiastic service. Corporate culture: Loyalty, Learning, Innovation, Trustworthiness!,

慈溪市神威密封材料厂

Main Products: Polytetrafluorethylene wire rod,
Introduct: Shenwei Sealing Material Factory is a manufacturer of sealing products and mechanical parts, offering gaskets for static sealing connections such as various pipeline flanges, containers, towers, heat exchangers, storage tanks, boilers, and sealing packings for various pumps and valves. These products are particularly resistant to acid and alkali corrosion, high and low temperatures, high pressure, and aging, effectively solving sealing problems in various complex environments. They are suitable for use in industries such as chemical, power, petroleum, metallurgy, nuclear energy, machinery, shipbuilding, and automotive. Sealing Gaskets: Graphite high-strength sealing gaskets, metal spiral wound gaskets, metal serrated gaskets, and expanded PTFE interface sealing gaskets. These gaskets can be shaped freely and combined arbitrarily. Due to their softness, high compressibility, and being non-toxic and pollution-free, they are essential supporting products for the food, beverage, pharmaceutical, and bioengineering industries, complying with international standards. Sheets: Expanded graphite sheets, high-strength graphite composite sheets. Packings: Sealing packings for pumps and valves suitable for various working conditions, including square braided packings of various materials: flexible graphite packings, PTFE packings, carbon fiber packings, aramid fiber packings, glass fiber and various mixed fiber braided packings, etc. There are graphite molded rings and pressed molded rings. After the packing is placed into the valve box or shaft box, it automatically forms according to the irregular geometry of the valve box or shaft box under external pressure, reserving elastic margin to achieve long-term sealing effects. Machining: Mainly used for high-pressure oil pipes, camshafts, rocker arms in diesel engines, automotive industries, etc., and can also be processed according to sample drawings. Currently, various industries such as chemical, petroleum, power plants, thermal companies, natural gas companies, diesel engines, and automotive both domestically and internationally are extensively using Shenwei Sealing Material Factory's products and high-pressure oil pipes.,

江西晟源化工有限公司

Main Products: SODIUM CHLORITE, Chloride Dioxide,
Introduct: Jiangxi Shengyuan Chemical Co., Ltd., established in January 2009, is a high-tech enterprise specializing in the production of sodium chlorite. It is the leading sodium chlorite manufacturer in East China. The company is located near the picturesque Mount Sanqingshan, with convenient access to the Hangzhou-Xin'anjiang-Jingdezhen Expressway to the east and the Shanghai-Kunming Expressway to the west, as well as railways and highways, offering exceptional environmental advantages and superior development conditions. The company operates four sodium chlorite production lines utilizing advanced German technology, with an annual output of 2,000 tons of solid sodium chlorite and 5,000 tons of liquid sodium chlorite. Currently, the production technology of this product has reached internationally leading levels. In March 2010, the company obtained ISO9001:2008 Quality Management System and ISO14000:2004 Environmental Management System certifications. Shengyuan Chemical is primarily dedicated to the research, development, production, marketing, and customer service of products used in drinking water treatment, disinfection, bleaching, and other related fields. It maintains long-term cooperative relationships with numerous enterprises in the United States, Europe, India, Vietnam, and other regions. Adhering to the philosophy of "Quality First, Safety First, Customer Supreme," and embodying the working spirit of "Efficiency, Innovation, Truth-Seeking, and Pragmatism," Shengyuan Chemical provides a wide range of high-quality products with "multiple varieties, multiple packaging options, and multiple levels" to its vast clientele. The company has won the trust of many domestic and international customers with reasonable pricing. Moving forward, the company remains committed to its goal of "becoming a producer of world-class products that meet and exceed customer expectations." While offering substantial returns and excellent service to all customers, it also aims to contribute to the development of related industries in China. Chairman Zhao Zhiliang, along with all employees, warmly welcomes sincere cooperation from friends from all walks of life at home and abroad to jointly create a brilliant future.,